Of significance is the relatively recent selection of a glyphosate-resistant biotype of Lolium rigidum.27-29. Finally, the whole ear gives a bush-like appearance displaying the typical “green ear” symptom. Several overlapping generations occur during the summer or growing period. Young nymphs frequent leaf sheaths and other sheltered locations, presumably in response to the higher moisture levels found there. John L. Capinera, in Handbook of Vegetable Pests, 2001. The above information clearly establishes the fact that weed flora varies largely depending on geographic locations where the turmeric crop is grown. However the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of 2004 caused considerable damage to the mangrove stands (Chaudhuri et al., 2009; Roy and Krishnan, 2005) of these islands due to submergence of roots permanently under water caused by submergence and elevation of land, reducing the stands by 20 km2 with a small revival of 2 km2 after 2009 (Anonymous, 2011). and reducing the number of weeds that produce seed or multiply after harvest can contribute to decreased weed problems in the subsequent seasons (e.g., Diallo and Johnson, 1997; Haefele et al., 2000). Species showing preference for light for germination have the potential to be more prevalent in continuous NT systems in which a large proportion of weed seeds remains on the surface and exposed to light (Chauhan and Johnson, 2008b; Chauhan et al., 2006c,d). Gramineae). Although development time was rapid when nymphs were fed on corn; survivorship was higher when nymphs were provided with sorghum and barnyardgrass. The plant is a component of the 'basic remedy' in Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is also used in the treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and retention of urine … monostachya F.M. The eggs are inserted into a slit cut by the female, and 2–4 (usually two) eggs per oviposition site. Facultative hemiparasitic weeds, such as R. fistulosa and Buchnera hispida, require a different approach however as they are fairly independent of the presence of a suitable host to develop and multiply. For some herbicides such as the lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, sufficient time for selection has occurred to finally yield resistant biotypes. ; This species is accepted, and its native range is Tropical & Subtropical Old World. Widely cultivated in tropical Asia and East Africa; cultivated on rainy slopes and upland areas of Himalayas up to 2,300 m elevation. The greenish outer tunica of the sorus gradually turns pinkish green and finally to dirty black on drying. Eleusine indica L. possesses antioxidant activity and precludes carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats. He suggested integrating biological weed management practices using rabbits, goats, sheep, ducks, cover crops, or intercrops to control weeds in turmeric fields. It is effective in curing it. The white cottony growth, characteristic of many downy mildews, is generally not seen in finger millet. Goosegrass, in the family Poaceae, is a summer annual grass that has a flattened, whitish base, leading to the common name silver crabgrass. More than 80% of local people were aware about its medicinal values and 83% of local people used it as medicine to cure the diarrhoea of cattle and 81% of people indicated … Conversely, germination of seeds of species that require light is likely to be impeded by the implementation of NT. The oil-rich leaves of rhododendron, Vaccinium and Gaultheria species catch fire easy even during light rain. Weedicide applications are effective in controlling weed growth significantly and enhancing rhizome yield as compared to fields where no control was there (Anil Kumar and Reddy, 2000). Germination of deeply buried seeds will be fatal if emerging seedlings are unable to reach the surface, while seeds germinating after crop canopy closure are likely to experience greater competition for light, water, and nutrients from the crop and may result in less crop yield loss and weed seed production (O'Donovan et al., 1985; Uscanga-Mortera et al., 2007). Figure 8.6. Schult. It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses. About 30%–80% of mangrove stands got affected due to tsunami (2004) in South Andaman Islands, whereas it was negligible in Middle Andaman Islands. These will likely include the annual grasses Echinochloa spp., L. chinensis, and I. rugosum and the annual sedges Fimbristylis spp., C. difformis, and Cyperus iria among others. Out of that, 614 km2was in Andaman with only 3 km2 spreads in Nicobar Islands. Compositae), but repeated fires ultimatley produce Saccharum spontaneum and Imperata cylindrica “deserts”. As a pest, however, it is best known from subtropical areas such as southern Florida and Texas. For some SOA/MOA, reduced fitness of resistant biotypes and slow resistant-seed turnover also contribute to the lack of resistance. Infestation levels of these parasitic weeds can therefore be reduced through rotations with nonhost crops. N.C. Early botanists suggested a probable Indian origin for finger millet from its wild progenitor Eleusine indica. Medicinal uses of Goose grass (Eleusine indica). 8.4.2.1.1 Origin of Finger Millet. Weed infestation did not vary with the planting patterns until about 50 DAP, as all the plants cannot emerge during this period. Physiologic specialization and races of the pathogen are reported. africana is considered as a putative progenitor to cultivated finger millet, E. coracana subsp. Eleusine indica Gaertn or Wiregrass (grass family Poaceae), is used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, anti-helminthic, febrifuge and for treating cough [27], [28]. Andropogon repens Schöpfer, 1854 Chloris repens Steud. and R. fistulosa can cause serious losses in certain environments. (2008) indicated that for reducing weed interference, and obtain high yield, turmeric should be planted in a 30 cm triangular pattern, on two-row ridge spaced 75–100 cm apart. The enclosing membrane bursts and exposes the black mass of spores. Greater understanding of species biology can contribute to weed management in different ways. (1992) reported that a survey of turmeric fields in the Banu district, Pakistan, indicated the presence of 83 weed species which belong to 73 genera. Not for the casual reader., 283. Although somewhat more difficult to control than crabgrass, most preemergence herbicides and selective postemergence grass herbicides labeled for use will manage goosegrass. Sources:Altom and Murray (1996), Benvenuti et al. In kodo millet head smut (Sorosporium paspali-thunbergii) assumes significance as an important disease with considerable yield loss in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. All small millets are affected by various types of smuts in almost all growing regions. It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials. They act as protection against high waves, destructive cyclone, violent storm surges, tsunami as well as reduced coastal erosion (Danielsen et al., 2005; Selvam, 2005). There are also large gaps between “scientific understandings” and the information available to the farmer. An excellent, if rather terse, guide to the traditional medicinal uses of the plants of the region. To prevent a buildup of the weed seed bank, a preflowering or a postharvest weed control operation may be required (e.g., Diallo and Johnson, 1997; Haefele et al., 2000). K.P. Figure 8.5. The trend based on ACCase- and ALS- inhibitor resistance (Figure 2) suggests that less time is required for resistance to appear to more newly-developed herbicides, similar to the phenomenon described for L. rigidum.30 The development of herbicides with increasing selection pressure, resistant crops and the trend to rely on single-SOA herbicides will favor resistance occurring more quickly. E. S. Publisher Reference Publications, Inc. Year 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4 Description Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. These medicinal plants are particularly important to rural dwellers that may not be well served by formal health care systems. Two types of smuts are reported on barnyard millet, head smut (Ustilago crus-galli Tracy & Earle) and grain smut (Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld). Crop interference by purple sedge was not high, and other weeds could be removed during 60–70 DAP, ensuring reduced labor input cost, commensurate with higher rhizome yield. The smutted grains can be seen generally a few days after flowering and the affected grains can be seen scattered at random in the ear. ... 4 Acacia arabica Willd.var.indica Benth. Figure 2. Takasugi and Akaisahi (1933) reported that the losses may go up to 20% in Manchuria. Actually, it’s a weed-grown abundantly but you will be surprised to know its amazing health benefits of Paragis grass. Effect of light conditions (light and dark) on seed germination of different weed species. ]. The abdomen is smoky, with lateral yellow stripes. In photoblastic seeds, light exposure may convert inactive-phytochrome “red” to active-phytochrome “far-red” (Rollin, 1972). Contrary to this, Liu et al. For example, PSI diverters may have never selected resistant weeds if sequential applications had not been made. Even a layer of only 1 mm ash on a leaf can reduce light penetration by 90%. It could be highly destructive leading to a total crop failure owing to malformation of the affected ears. However, the best Herbs for dry cough are Liquorice, hyssop and Eucalyptus. Potential errors include the unknown variation in time between literature and agronomic introduction. The absence of a germination response to light in some species (Table 2) suggests that these seeds may germinate even when buried or after canopy closure in most crops grown in the humid tropics. While long residual properties are common to many of the herbicides that have selected for resistance, such as some of the PSII and ALS inhibitors, it is more likely that sequential applications played the key role for the selection pressure imposed by PSI diverters. Certain management practices (e.g., seed burial or submergence depth due to soil tillage or flooding) are likely to provoke differential responses among the key weed species and this can be employed as a basis to develop more sustainable management practices. Rethinam et al. On such young plants, females oviposit in roots and in the below-ground portion of the stem. Eleusine coracana, or finger millet, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia.It is commonly called kodo in Nepal where 877 accessions have been maintained by National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Khumaltar, Nepal. They are curved in shape, tapering slightly at both ends, and resemble a banana in form. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Mainly used as fodder. Also contributing to the non-appearance of resistance is the probable low initial frequency of resistant biotypes that may be due to multiple sites being inhibited or resistance mechanisms not being readily available. Once resistance to a herbicide has been documented in L. rigidum, the time required for resistance to appear for subsequently-applied herbicides apparently decreases.30 Is this phenomenon generally true for all herbicides? Early botanists suggested a probable Indian origin for finger millet from its wild progenitor Eleusine indica… Mohanty et al. Similar grain smut caused by Mecalpinomyces sharmae K. Vanky has also been reported in little millet and is severe in early maturing varieties. Large scale projects like mines or power plants require infrastructure. Rashid et al. Seeds requiring light would remain dormant if buried in the soil and would eventually be lost to predation or decay. Eleusine coracana is a ANNUAL growing to 0.3 m (1ft). The pathogen has a wide host range including Eleusine indica, maize, wheat, oat, Eragrostis pectinacea and Digitaria marginata. in Ornamental Plant Production5 Table 1. Cytologic analyses of hybrids, chloroplast DNA restriction analysis, and in situ hybridization of diploid and polyploidy species shows that E. indica is the “A” genome donor, while E. floccifolia is the “B” genome donor of cultivated E. coracana (Bisht and Mukai, 2001; Hiremath and Salimath, 1992; Hilu, 1988). It is also used in the treatment of liver complaints [240, 283]. The subsp. (1) Eleusine indica / Plants For A Future: Database Search Results (2) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Grain smut of finger millet (Melanopsichium eleusinis) (Kulk) Mundk and Thirum., is gaining importance after the introduction of high yielding varieties. The most important reason for the rapid dwindling of montane forests is the conversion to agricultural lands for temperate zone crops, in particular vegetables or flowers (Pennafiel, 1994) or due to fires. Exposure to light breaks dormancy and eventually increases germination in many species, especially small-seeded species (Cousens et al., 1993). The majority of mountains throughout Indonesia are volcanoes. This corrects the article "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica papaya and Polyscias fulva Medicinal Plants Collected … Weed control at the early vegetative phase is a must in turmeric cultivation, and paucity of labor is an emerging phenomenon in many countries, including India, which leaves the option for herbicide use as an effective means to control weeds. While in the East coast, 40 species belongs to 14 families and 22 genera were reported, in West coast only 27 species belongs to 11 families and 16 genera reported. A. and Ayensu. Considered to be of Indian or African origin, perhaps a cultigen of the wild species Eleusine indica. The downy mildew or green ear disease in foxtail millet is caused by the fungus Sclerospora graminicola. Head smuts are common in kodo millet, barnyard millet, proso millet and tef. The short-winged forms measure about 3 mm long, whereas the body of the long-winged forms measure about 2–2.6 mm. var. Drink Liquorice tea, twice … Mean instar-specific development times for insects cultured on corn at 27°C is 3.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.1, and 4.2 days, respectively, for instars 1–5. Secondly, the way in which various herbicides were used may highly affect the selection pressure exerted. Mangroves in Minnie Bay, Port Blair. Germination of various weed species has different responses to light and darkness. ELEUSINE INDICA (goosegrass): Many Countries Have Used This Weed To Treat Many Diseases Seedlings are generally prostrate inhabit, but plants will produce upright shoots and flowering stems that can grow over the top of small plants. In Japan, weed species that infest turmeric fields are Acalypha australis L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus viridis L., Bidens pilosa L., Chenapodium album L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz) Koeler, Digitaria timorensis (kunth) Balansa, Eleusine indica L., Gaertn, Mimosa indica L., Oxalis corymbosa DC, Panicum repens L., Paspalum distichum L., Rottboellia exaltata L.f., Solanum nigrum L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and Sonchus oleraceus L. (Hossain et al., 2005; Ishimine et al., 2004). The disease was first reported from Mysore, India, by Venkatarayan (1947). 1994). 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