folk religion in vietnam

Although the Chams follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, they consider themselves Muslims. [60], The Vietnamese government fears that evidence of Champa's influence over the disputed area in the South China Sea would bring attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Cham people in a war in 1832, and the Vietnamese continue to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. In the past, Xẩm is considered as a form of livelihood for the poor and the dead people, most of whom usually performed in markets, streets, or crowded places, but few performed in big stages so that very few people know this traditional music. Answer: Yeah. [26] This writing system continues to be used today, and is called chữ Quốc ngữ (literally "national language script"). [51] According to the official statistics, in 2014, the estimated number of Caodaists is 4.4 million, it was a dramatic increase of 1.2 million followers or an increase of 37.5%. In 979 AD, the Lê Dynasty gained control and started to close in on the Champa in the south. Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2014). Vietnam's major religions are Buddhism and Catholicism, although the largest percentage of the population follows Vietnamese folk traditions or identifies as non-religious. This is when Buddhism started to thrive in Vietnam and when it became the state religion. Hòa Hảo also stresses the practice of Buddhism by lay people in the home, rather than focusing primarily on temple worship and ordination. Throughout Vietnam’s rich and long history, what features prominently is the entire country’s effort to preserve the national identity and the fascinating cultural heritage which has been passed down from generation to generation, obtaining as a result, a sublime fusion between traditional and contemporary values. Huyên was rumored to possess supernatural powers to heal the sick and the insane during an 1849 cholera epidemic. Chinese folk religion is one of the labels used to describe the collection of ethnic religious traditions which have historically comprised the predominant belief system in China and among Han Chinese ethnic groups up to the present day. Vietnam is also the home of two indigenous religions of syncretic Caodaism and quasi-Buddhist Hoahaoism origins. [67], The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam formally allows religious freedom,[68] however, government restrictions remain on organized activities of many religious groups. Folk religion is usually followed by those who do not claim any religious doctrine via baptism, confession, daily prayer, reverence, or church attendance. Sizable folk religion populations also lived in Vietnam (40 million), Taiwan (10 million), India (6 million) and Brazil (between 5 million and 6 million) in 2010. The Three Main Religions When traveling to Vietnam, you will have the chance to visit numerous temples worshipping deities such as the Wind, Forest, Fire, Water, and Ocean Gods. The Vietnamese folk religion has many similarities with southern Chinese folk religion. The Vietnamese folk religion has Confucian elements, and it is often considered as Confucianism. Cuong Tu Nguyen & A.W. The process also includes singers who use invocation songs to trigger a trance in the ritualist. The Left Eye of God represents the symbol of the tradition's faith, and it signifies the masculine actions of the male creator balanced by the yin actions of the feminine. Saigon is Vietnam's major port and, with 8 million inhabitants, its largest city. Nhà thờ họ are found in middle and northern Vietnam as family shrines equivalent to the ancestral shrines present in China. The Assemblies of God were said to consist of around 40,000 followers in 2009,[46] the Baptist Church around 18,400 followers with 500 ministers in 2007,[45] and The Mennonite Church around 10,000 followers. [59] Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government. It was the earliest foreign religion to be introduced in Vietnam, arriving from India in the second century A.D. in two ways, the Mahayana sect via China, and the Hinayana sect via Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Formulated in the 1860s, it holds that God lives in all of us and strives to convert society into a paradise on earth, populated by believers transformed into intelligent moral beings with a high social conscience. Hát chèo: Chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre, often encompassing dance, traditionally performed by Vietnamese peasants in northern Vietnam. No other religions than the aforementioned eight are allowed. The veneration of Cao Ɖài is undertaken in the main temple, and Caodaists worship the Mother Goddess too. [17], Buddhist practice in Vietnam differs from that of other Asian countries, and does not contain the same institutional structures, hierarchy, or sanghas that exist in other traditional Buddhist settings. Folk religion is usually followed by those who do not claim any religious doctrine via baptism, confession, daily prayer, reverence, or church attendance. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. How much and in what way religion guided one's daily conduct depended on one's background. Zen Buddhism arrived in Vietnam as early as the 6th century CE, with the works of Vinītaruci. The concept of self-cultivation is prominent in the religion. [21][58] Over 77% lived in the Southeast Region, with 34% in Ninh Thuận Province, 24% in Bình Thuận Province, and 9% in Ho Chi Minh City; another 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in An Giang Province. Official government statistics report that Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa claimed over 70,000 registered followers and 476 religious leaders as of 2005, centred in 76 places of worship spread across 14 provinces, mainly in Southern Vietnam. Pure Land Buddhism is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and is said to be one of the most popular schools of Buddhism in Vietnam, in which practitioners commonly recite sutras, chants and dharanis looking to gain protection from bodhisattvas or Dharma-Protectors. The Vietnamese folk religion has many similarities with southern Chinese folk religion. The supreme goddess is named Thánh Mẫu Liễu Hanh. The Vietnamese also practice ancestor worship quite rigorously. About 45.3% of the inhabitants of the state adhere to the beliefs of the ethnic religion. The climax of the anti-religion campaigns, as well as the devastation of the temples, occurred in 1975 to 1979. The cultural destruction prompted criticism and debate in the 1960s. Cao Đài's first disciples, Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty. People in Vietnam also follow the values emphasized by Đạo M… Minority religions practiced in Vietnam include Christianity, Hinduism, Cao Dai, and Hoa Hao. When the last of the male blood line was depleted, the Lý Dynasty was nominated to take over. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief". Adherents consider Sổ to be a prophet, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry known as Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương ("Strange Perfume from Precious Mountains", referring to the Thất Sơn range on the Vietnam-Cambodia border). [71] Christian Montagnards and their house churches continue to suffer from state control and restrictions. [21][22] Cuong Tu Nguyen. Vietnamese Buddhism has had a syncretic relationship with certain elements of Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and Vietnamese folk religion… According to many studies, 70-90% of Vietnamese people are tam giáo . Vietnamese folk religion or Vietnamese indigenous religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam, tôn giáo bản địa Việt Nam) is the ethnic religion of the Vietnamese people, dominant in Vietnam, where it is practiced by 45.3% of the population. done by, A.Akshara(1523652) History Long-established religions in Vietnam include the Vietnamese folk religion, which has been historically structured by the doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism from China, as well as a strong tradition of Buddhism Vietnam is one of the least The Golden Turtle God Kim Qui was said to appear to kings in times of crisis, notably to Lê Lợi, from whom he took the legendary sword Thuận Thiên after it had been dropped into Hoan Kiem Lake. Taoist influence is also visible in the Ɖao Mẫu and Caodaist belief systems. The main ritual may stretch for seven hours through which a practitioner incarnates a series of various spirits and deities and which changes into a different set of clothes for every incarnation. [57], A 2005 census counted over 66,000 Muslims in Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999. The term is also applied to the blending of folk practices with those of major religions. Contact with Chinese civilization, and the introduction of the triple religion of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, added a further ethical and moral dimension to the indigenous Vietnamese religion. Generally, folk religions and beliefs vary between regions and ethnicities. The religion quickly grew rapidly popular with its appeal towards nationalist spirit, message of universal salvation and its ability to bring together underground sects in Vietnam. But those who died alone and neglected, and to whom no worship was given, disturbed the dead and preyed on the living. It flourished under the Lý and Trần dynasties. [53] Another 4,000 Hindus (mostly Tamil, and otherwise of Cham or mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent) live in Ho Chi Minh City, where the Mariamman Temple acts as a focal point for the community. [27], Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the Foreign Missions Society and Spanish missionaries of the Dominican Order were gradually taking the role of evangelisation in Vietnam. 8% are Christians (mostly Roman Catholic ) and 1-2% practice indigenous , animist religions including Hinduism. Đạo Mẫu is commonly associated with spirit mediumship rituals—known in Vietnam as lên đồng, it is a ritual in which followers become spirit mediums for various deities. Buddhist monks from Vietnam, China, and India have visited these temples freely to conduct services and minister to worshippers. Though heavily influenced by Chinese culture, Vietnam, a mysterious land in Southeast Asia, also sees multiple changes along with history, where you will discover a fascinating culture. Vietnamese Religion Almost all Vietnamese people today categorize on their own as non-religious, even though they go to religious temples many times each and every year. Cao Dai and Hoa Hao are both relatively recent syncretic religions based in the south. [40], The Catholic Church in Vietnam today consists of 27 dioceses organized in 3 ecclesiastical provinces. The original religious practices in the country were based on animistic and totemic rituals. The largest folk religion in the world is the Chinese folk religion which has an estimated 400 million followers worldwide or about 6.6 percent of … [45] Similarly, in October 2009, the Assemblies of God movement received official government permission to operate, which is the first step to becoming a legal organization.[46]. Banana and coconut in the Mekong Delta, black pepper and fish sauce on Phu Quoc, coffee and tea in the central highlands, and fresh seafood all along the country’s 3,444 kilometres of coast — and that’s just for starters. There are distinct beliefs and practices in this religion including the worship of goddesses such as Thiên Y A Na, The Lady of the Realm (Bà Chúa Xứ), The Lady of the Storehouse (Bà Chúa Kho) and Princess Liễu Hạnh(1), legendary figures like Âu Cơ, the Trung Sisters(Hai Bà Trưng), Lady Trieu (Bà Triệu), and the cult of the Four Palaces. The first Jews to visit Vietnam likely arrived following the French colonization of the country, in the latter half of the 19th century. On May 31, 2016, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) met with Vietnamese officials. The country's small Jewish population is comprised almost entirely of expatriates. ", Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2018). Today, as an officially recognized religion, it claims approximately two million followers throughout Vietnam; in certain parts of the Mekong Delta, as many as 90 percent of the population of this region practice this tradition. The religion's name represents the Thầt Son range situated on the Vietnamese-Cambodian border, and it is where Huyên identified as a living Buddha. [28], The French missionary priest Pigneau de Behaine played a role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century by befriending Nguyễn Ánh, the most senior of the ruling Nguyễn lords to have escaped the rebellion of the Tây Sơn brothers in 1777. [54], The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. One of these practices is the ritual of ‘len dong' meaning "to go into a trance" or "to mount the medium." Under successive dynasties, these religions were gradually Vietnam zed. Full panel title Women, Power, Spirit Possession, and Culture Identification: the Revival of folk religion in Contemporary Vietnam (1) Organizers Zhushuai Shao (University Paris 5), Yunxia Wu (Lancaster University) Date & Time Friday 18 August, 8:30 - 10:00 Location Room 11 Presentations A RENUNCIANT MOTHER: BUDDHIST NUNS AND GENDERED CAREGIVING IN LATE-SOCIALIST VIETNAM Dat Nguyen … Spirit Writing in Colonial Vietnam: The Role of a Folk Religion in the Emergence of Modern Vietnamese Nationalism: Authors: Kelley, Liam C. Keywords: Vietnam Nationalism: LC Subject Headings: Nationalism -- Vietnam Vietnam -- Religious life and customs: Date Issued: 2007: Series: 2007 Fall: Abstract: Theravada Buddhism arrived from India into the southern Mekong Delta region many years later, between 300-600 AD. December 2014. Sometimes, they are grouped together as one religion called the three teachings or tam giáo. The three main religionsin Vietnam are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Folk religion’s indigenous or native beliefs are held all over the world, particularly in parts of South America, Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Long-established religions in Vietnam include the Vietnamese folk religion, which has been historically structured by the doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism from China, as well as a strong tradition of Buddhism (called the three teachings or tam giáo). [24] Two priests Francesco Buzomi and Diogo Carvalho established the first Catholic community in Hội An in 1615. p. 239. By Benjamin Elisha Sawe on June 20 2019 in Society. [50] Congregations currently meet in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Folk religions in Vietnam include worship towards ancestors, national heroes, and gods of nature. It consists its priesthood, rituals, and temples. [5], Although according to a 1999 census most Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation,[6] religion, as defined by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral part of Vietnamese life,[7] dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and abroad. Caodaism, also known as the Cao Đài faith, is an organized monotheistic folk religion that is unique to Vietnam. Confucian scholars, who prided themselves for their rationality, often scoffed at what they considered the superstitious nature of peasant religion. The parish is named after Our Lady of Kazan icon was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, which had been given in Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. Vietnam is also mentioned as territory under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople), though there is no information on its organized activities there. If you are interested in knowing the religions in Vietnam, this post is the exact thing you need. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "Vietnam Protestants Call Conference 'Miraculous, "Hanoi officially recognises Baptists and Mennonites", "Assemblies of God receive permit covering 40 provinces", "Holy Week and Easter celebrated in Vietnam", https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301991017#h=120, https://www.rferl.org/a/countries-where-jehovahs-witnesses-activities-are-banned/29757419.html, "Vietnam Grants Official Recognition to Church", http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724, "Xuan Loc district inaugurates the biggest Minster for Muslim followers", "Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. Growth has been most pronounced among members of minority peoples (Montagnards) such as the Hmong, Ede, Jarai, and Bahnar, with internal estimates claiming two-thirds of all Protestants in Vietnam are members of ethnic minorities. The Folk religion is also sometimes referred to as Confucianism as it carries certain beliefs that were preached by Confucius. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were Franciscans (in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans & Discalced Augustinians (in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the Propaganda Fide. This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 01:17. It is more likely that "unofficial" Caodaists have decided that it is now acceptable to identify themselves as followers of the religion in the last seven years. Some of the Vietnamese indigenous religions are elaborated below: Dao Dua A Christian, Buddhist Vietnamese named Ong Dao Dua, started Coconut Religion and gathered around 4000 followers in the 1900s. [63], Prior to the French evacuation of Indochina in 1954, the Jewish population in Indochina (which encompassed Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) was reportedly 1,500; most of these Jews were said to have left with the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure. Only after the arrival of Jesuits, who were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese, in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) and Đàng Trong (Cochinchina). Should anybody be interested in discussing this topic at the workplace, be aware of the specific sensitivities related to the issue. According to official statistics from the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, as of 2018, Buddhists account for 14.9% of the total population, Catholics 7.4%, Protestants 1.1%, Hoahao Buddhists 1.5%, and Caodaism followers 1.2%. Almost half of the population in Vietnam have faith in one or more of these figures. Adherence to Hinduism in Vietnam is associated with the Cham ethnic minority; the first religion of the Champa kingdom was a form of Shaivite Hinduism, brought by sea from India. p. 239. Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition, based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huỳnh Phú Sổ, a native of the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. The introduction of Taoism in the country is traced back to the first Chinese domination of Vietnam. The Government Committee for Religious Affairs officially recognized the church's representative committee. Ecclesiastical sources report there are about 7 millions Catholics, representing 7.0% of the total population. Distinct form of worship that honours all living things in what way religion guided one 's daily conduct depended one! Still remained in south Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999 the UN Office of the temples Literature! 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