Further, it is stated that efficacy of contingency approach depends on capability of managers to understand a given situation and choose appropriate technique instead of situation itself. Management, Approaches, Approaches to Management. The general systems approach to management is mainly concerned with formal organisations and the concepts are relating to technique of sociology, psychology and philosophy. Also referred to as the traditional or Waterfall approach, the phased approach … Management affecting people, technology, values and human wants has attracted the attention of psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, mathematicians, economists, politicians, scientists, physicists, biologists, business administration scholars and even practising managers. They can at best serve as tools helping the process of judgement. In a matrix management system, an individual has a primary report-to boss while also working for one or more managers, typically on projects. IT Approach to Management 3. As Harold Koontz observed, mathematics is just a tool and it cannot be viewed as school or a separate approach to management theory. IT is extensively deployed to develop IT applications, business solutions and devices. The ‘behavioural science’ approach utilises methods and techniques of social sciences such as psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology for the study of human behaviour. Management Process or Administrative Management Approach, – Developed by Scholars and Practitioners on Management, Organized cooperation has been concerned since beginning of civilization. iv. Frederic W. Taylor (1865-1915) One of the modern approaches to understand management is the systems approach. PP&E is impacted by Capex, Depreciation, and Acquisitions/Disposition… Figure 2.3 explains the feature of interdependence among the functions of management. Functional, behavioural, quantitative and systems tools of management should be applied situationally. If one employee receives commands from several superiors, it can lead to confusion and disorder. IT approach to management has directly triggered cost reduction and profit maximisation besides increasing service efficiency. Techniques such as – linear programming, simulation, queuing, project crashing, etc., extensively use mathematical symbols, relationships and models in analysing the management problems such as – cost minimisation, profit maximisation, resource optimization, etc. The advantages of a top-down management approach are that the direction and activities of a company are focused on a specific set of objectives and goals and, because all of the company’s operational plans are derived from its strategic plan, it is easier to identify … Crystallize the nature of management. The advocates of this school perceive management as a process consisting of planning, organising, commanding and controlling. The industrial revolution in England gave an immense impetus for the scientific management approach. It is … The task of manager is to apply his knowledge to realities in order to attain desired results i.e. Under system approach, the overall objectives and performance of the organisation are taken into account and not only the objectives and performance of its different departments or subsystems. Born in 1841 in France he was graduated in mining engineering in 1860 and got appointed as an engineer in a coal mining company, where through gradual promotion finally became the managing director of the company in 1888. Prior to World War II Systems approach was considered applicable & meaningful only to physical sciences. Increased productivity and cost efficiency is a direct result of this practice. The Mathematical or ‘Management Science’ Approach, 9. That statement gets to the heart of what managing a project risk is all about, and although it is a simple question, best practice of risk management is often ignored and this is a major cause of project failure along with that of creating a risk management strategy. Although the criticisms were largely invalid (both Fayol and Taylor, for example, recognized that situational factors were relevant), th… Introduced in the late 19th century, the classical management approach to business addresses many issues in industrial management. Management should be prepared for all the possibilities (contingencies) and the internal functioning of the organization should be in accordance to the demands of organiza­tional objectives, requirements of the external environment. This level is generally responsible for making the long-term goals of the organization. Its origin can be traced back to ideas of scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s (2,3). employees, across functions. Contingency approach. However, this approach also is criticized for not providing any tool or technique for problem solving and thus considered to be abstract and vague. It brought about such an extra ordinary mechanisation of industry that it necessitated the development of new management principles and practices. This approach states that the aspirations of the individual employees and also of the society at large need to be considered. 9. The entire system can be broken into three parts namely – input, process and output. (See management quotes for more perspectives. It draws from other fields of knowledge and adapts within it those parts of these fields which are specially useful for managers. (3) Interaction and Inter-Relation – The elements of system are interrelated to each other and works in co-ordination and cooperation to get the output. Developing and maintaining a consistent management approach that engenders esprit de corps is a key link in the productivity process. Mooney and Chester I. Barnard are among the other important contributors to this approach. Management can be defined in detail in the following categories : The concept of management is as old as the human race itself. The Group Behaviour Approach (Social School), 4. Contingency or Situational Approach 5. Team management involves teamwork, communication, objective setting and performance appraisals. The top level of the hierarchy is the board of directors and the chief executives. The existence of a scalar chain and obedience to it are necessary for the organizational success. 2. But telling a story and giving examples is a way to make yourself memorable. 2. The systems approach to management is a concept which views a company as an interconnected purposive system that consists of several business sections. At the same time, this approach recognises that the actual problems managers face and the environments in which they operate may vary between enterprises and levels”. The general systems approach to management is mainly concerned with formal organizations and the concepts are relating to technique of sociology, psychology and philosophy. Image Guidelines 4. This approach suggests that there is no one best way to handle any management problem. When Fayol got the position of managing director at that time the company was almost bankrupt and when Fayol retired from his services, it became one of the leading organization in the coal business in France. They include strategies for leadership, administration and business execution. It must emphasize on “people” as a part of management. Team management is the ability of an individual or an organization to administer and coordinate a group of individuals to perform a task. Management strategies are techniques that are used to direct and control an organization to achieve a set of goals. Likewise financial incentive is more appropriate for employees at the lower level of organizational hierarchy while, non-financial incentives like ESOP, variable pay, career advancements and so on may prove to be highly effective for knowledge workers and employees at the higher echelons of management. They want results that will in some way contribute to the success of the enterprise. The Mathematical or ‘Management Science’ Approach: This school believes that managing or planning or decision-making can be expressed in mathematical symbols and relationship. In summary, the quantitative approach to management applies numeric methods such as formulas, statistics, and scheduling models to management problems and uses the results to … However, all problems are not likely of the same nature and hence this approach also has limitations. It looks upon management theory as a way of organising experience so that practice can be improved through research, empirical testing of principles and teaching of fundamentals involved in the management process. The degree to which centralization or decentralization adopted should be based on the specific organization. This approach is the very latest approach of existing approaches. Human factor in management is no less important. The knowledge based on experiences of successful managers can be applied by other managers in solving problems in future and in making decisions. hierarchical organisation structure. This way, it is an improvement over the systems approach. Developed the principle of motion economy, which was intended to eliminate redundant motions and produce a rhythm by scientific development of essential motions. This process totally depends upon the type of output required. For instance, the planning and control functions are inseparable. 7. This system also often overlooks the importance of human relations and does not place enough importance on the morale of the workforce. Content Filtration 6. Human Relations Approach 8. Koontz and O’Donnell have advocated operational approach to management. If any changes or any deviations are found then those deviations are corrected. The Group Behaviour Approach (Social School): This approach is concerned primarily with the behaviour among individuals. The IT approach to management delivers a unique experience to every stakeholder including customer, employee, team leaders, management, owners, and general public and regulatory agencies. This approach was supported and developed by Henry L. 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