But these reforms were accompanied by more-suppressive ones: the elimination of a free press, the jailing of dissidents, and the implementation of a one-party state. Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. [437], He also had another son, Jorge Ángel Castro (born in 1956), with María Laborde, a secret admirer he met shortly after he was out of prison. ", "Havana in mourning: 'We Cubans are Fidelista even if we are not communist, "Castro's Last Battle: Can the revolution outlive its leader? He was the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Pierre Trudeau was in Havana in 1976. In the years directly prior to Fidel Castro’s retirement, Cuba was undergoing immense changes. [350] Later that month, Fidel called into Hugo Chávez's radio show Aló Presidente. [426][427], Many details of Castro's private life, particularly involving his family members, are scarce, as such information is censored by state media. He and his brother Raúl were released in a political amnesty in 1955, and they went to Mexico to continue their campaign against the Batista regime. He is lauded by many for promoting education, social values, egalitarianism and […] Reaching the barracks, the alarm was raised, with most of the rebels pinned down by machine gun fire. Fidel Castro, in full Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, (born August 13, 1926, near Birán, Cuba—died November 25, 2016, Cuba), political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. [32], – Fidel Castro on discovering Marxism, 2009[33], That same year, Grau decided not to stand for re-election, which was instead won by his Partido Auténtico's new candidate, Carlos Prío Socarrás. [163] Meeting with Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar, fruit, fibers, and hides in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods, and a $100 million loan. [416] [431] He took his own life in February 2018, over a year after his father's death. Body Measurements of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was a very handsome person and he has a very charming smile on his lips attracting a lot of people towards him. Sturgis purchased boatloads of weapons and ammunition from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) weapons expert Samuel Cummings' International Armament Corporation in Alexandria, Virginia. On November 25, 2016, Castro died at age 90 of natural causes in Havana, Cuba. [476], "El Comandante" redirects here. They are defending, to the last atom, socialist ideas, principles and goals. Attracting the attention of the national press, the speech angered the gangs and Castro fled into hiding, first in the countryside and then in the U.S.[39] Returning to Havana several weeks later, Castro lay low and focused on his university studies, graduating as a Doctor of Law in September 1950. [393], Biographer Volka Skierka described Castro's government as a "highly individual, socialist-nationalist 'fidelista' system",[394] with Theodore Draper terming his approach "Castroism", viewing it as a blend of European socialism with the Latin American revolutionary tradition. [443], – Peter Bourne, Castro Biographer, 1986[444], One of the most controversial political leaders of his era,[445] Castro both inspired and dismayed people across the world during his lifetime. New York Times", "Cuban Missile Crisis: the 3 most surprising things you didn't know", "Castro comments on Czechoslovakia crisis", "Fidel Castro's Greatest Legacy in Africa Is in Angola", "Soviet Said to Reduce Support for Cuban Economy. Other Famous People Born On Same Day- August 13 [94] Upon arrival, Castro discovered that only 19 rebels had made it to their destination, the rest having been killed or captured. This development makes Cuba the only country to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community. [57], Castro gathered 165 revolutionaries for the mission,[58] ordering his troops not to cause bloodshed unless they met armed resistance. "[82] The Castros and several comrades traveled to Mexico,[83] where Raúl befriended an Argentine doctor and Marxist–Leninist named Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who was working as a journalist and photographer for "Agencia Latina de Noticias". His announcement that he was stepping down was made through a letter that was addressed to the country and posted on the Web site of the official Communist Party newspaper, Granma. [254], Castro considered Africa to be "the weakest link in the imperialist chain", and at the request of Angolan President Agostinho Neto he ordered 230 military advisers into Angola in November 1975 to aid Neto's Marxist MPLA in the Angolan Civil War. Beginning on 9 April, it received strong support in central and eastern Cuba, but little elsewhere. [111] Despite their numerical and technological superiority, the army had no experience with guerrilla warfare, and Castro halted their offensive using land mines and ambushes. Addressing the warming Cuba-U.S. relations, Castro wrote, “Nobody should be under the illusion that the people of this dignified and selfless country will renounce the glory, the rights, or the spiritual wealth they have gained with the development of education, science and culture.” In April a frail soon-to-be-90-year-old Castro told the Communist Party Congress that he would be dying soon, and he implored party members to work to fulfill his communist vision for Cuba. [109] Influenced by anti-Batista sentiment among their citizens, the U.S. government ceased supplying him with weaponry. [445] Despite its small size and limited economic weight, Castro's Cuba gained a large role in world affairs. [166] Inspired by their earlier success with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, in March 1960, U.S. President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro's government. Even prior to that, the staunchly anti-communist U.S. government had suspicions about Castro’s political leanings based on the content of his fiery oration—suspicions that would be confirmed in the first year of the new Cuba, as it aligned itself more and more with the Soviet Union. Hearing about this, the atheist Castro replied: "Now I understand why I survived Bush's plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me." By 1970, a third of the population would be involved in the CDR, and this would eventually rise to 80%. Fidel Castro’s year of birth is officially listed as 1926, but some scholars believe that he was born in 1927. [425] From 1980 until his death in 1995, Naranjo headed Castro's team of advisers. [388] In this it drew upon a longstanding tradition of Cuban nationalism. [252] A number of Latin American states called for Cuba's re-admittance into the Organization of American States (OAS), with the U.S. finally conceding in 1975 on Henry Kissinger's advice. [294] In the spring of 1988, the intensity of South African-Cuban fighting drastically increased with both sides taking heavy losses. [61] Meanwhile, some rebels took over a civilian hospital; subsequently stormed by government soldiers, the rebels were rounded up, tortured and 22 were executed without trial. Indeed, Castro’s philosophy gravitated toward a Leninist strain of Marxism as his rule progressed, although his beliefs differentiated themselves in some key ways, such as his identification with nonaligned countries and his celebration of guerrilla-style revolution. The 125,000 immigrants, including some criminals, strained the capacity of U.S. immigration and resettlement facilities. [169], In September 1960, Castro flew to New York City for the General Assembly of the United Nations. [383], Castro proclaimed himself to be "a Socialist, a Marxist, and a Leninist",[384] and publicly identified as a Marxist–Leninist from December 1961 onward. imperialism. Mengistu's regime was barely hanging on by 1977, having lost one-third of its army in Eritrea at the time of the Somali invasion. [27] At this point, his public speeches took on a distinctly leftist slant by condemning social and economic inequality in Cuba. Castro reorganised the economy on Marxist-Leninist principles. Castro's militants intended to dress in army uniforms and arrive at the base on 25 July, seizing control and raiding the armory before reinforcements arrived. [401], Various Western governments and human rights organizations nevertheless heavily criticized Castro and he was widely reviled in the U.S.[454] Following Castro's death, U.S. President-elect Donald Trump called him a "brutal dictator",[455] while the Cuban-American politician Marco Rubio called him "an evil, murderous dictator" who turned Cuba into "an impoverished island prison". [369] In March 2012, Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba for three days, during which time he briefly met with Castro despite the Pope's vocal opposition to Cuba's government. He was the central figure in the Cuban Revolution (1956-1959), which removed dictator Fulgencio Batista from power and replaced him with a communist regime friendly to the Soviet Union. [469] Balfour stated that Castro's story had "few parallels in contemporary history", for there existed no other "Third World leader" in the second half of the twentieth century who held "such a prominent and restless part on the international stage" or remained head of state for such a long period. [19] In later years, anti-Castro dissidents accused him of committing gang-related assassinations at the time, but these accusations remain unproven. [4] He had become financially successful by growing sugar cane at Las Manacas farm in Birán, Oriente Province. Fidel Castro’s revolutionary career began while he was enrolled at the School of Law of the University of Havana, when he participated in resistance movements in the Dominican Republic and Colombia. As a result, Prime Minister José Miró Cardona resigned, going into exile in the U.S. and joining the anti-Castro movement. [300] Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in 1988 organized a quadripartite talks between the USSR, U.S., Cuba and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola while South Africa agreed to grant independence to Namibia. Death. [339] Castro had also been calling for greater Caribbean integration since the late 1990s, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy. [64] The government broadcast misinformation about the event, claiming that the rebels were communists who had killed hospital patients, although news and photographs of the army's use of torture and summary executions in Oriente soon spread, causing widespread public and some governmental disapproval. [8] Being baptized enabled Castro to attend the La Salle boarding school in Santiago, where he regularly misbehaved; he was next sent to the privately funded, Jesuit-run Dolores School in Santiago. [146] The Cuban government also began to expropriate the casinos and properties from mafia leaders and taking millions in cash. He was the son of Angel Castro y Argiz, … Born on August 13 #19. Fidel Castro turned Cuba into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. [122] Heading toward Havana, he greeted cheering crowds at every town, giving press conferences and interviews. [464], Noting that there were "few more polarising political figures" than Castro, Amnesty International described him as "a progressive but deeply flawed leader". His popularity was greater than ever. [250] Leaving Algiers, Castro visited Iraq and North Vietnam. In 1948, Fidel Castro got married to Mirta Diaz-Balart. [247], In September 1973, he returned to Algiers to attend the Fourth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). These changes were brought on in part by the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, which had been Cuba’s chief ally and trade partner. [201] On a personal level, Castro was increasingly lonely, and his relations with Guevara became strained as the latter became increasingly anti-Soviet and pro-Chinese. [118] Furious, Castro ended the ceasefire,[119] and ordered Cantillo's arrest by sympathetic figures in the army. [452] Balfour also noted that throughout Latin America, Castro served as "a symbol of defiance against the continued economic and cultural imperialism of the United States". In March 2016 Fidel, who seldom had been seen in public in recent years, made a high-profile appearance in print when he responded to U.S. Pres. [316] In August 1994, Havana witnessed the largest anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history, as 200 to 300 young men threw stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to emigrate to Miami. Carlos Prío Socarrás and canceled the elections. [255] The decision to intervene in Angola has been a controversial one, all the more so as Castro's critics have charged that it was not his decision at all, contending that the Soviets ordered him to do so. For decades, he defied the United States, which tried to assassinate or replace him countless times. I was like a blindfolded man in a forest, who doesn't even know where north or south is. [85] Castro also associated with the Spaniard Alberto Bayo, who agreed to teach Castro's rebels the necessary skills in guerrilla warfare. In turn Castro refused to allow the U.N.'s inspection team into Cuba. [333][334] That same year, Castro initiated Misión Milagro, a joint medical project which aimed to provide free eye operations on 300,000 individuals from each nation. [358] On 24 February 2008, the National Assembly of People's Power unanimously voted Raúl as president. [453] Similarly, Wayne S. Smith – the former Chief of the United States Interests Section in Havana – noted that Castro's opposition to U.S. dominance and transformation of Cuba into a significant world player resulted in him receiving "warm applause" throughout the Western Hemisphere. [165], Relations between Cuba and the U.S. were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel, the La Coubre, in Havana harbor in March 1960. In contrast, his former public criticisms had centered on condemning corruption and U.S. At a… [2] His father, Ángel Castro y Argiz, a veteran of the Spanish–American War,[3] was a migrant to Cuba from Galicia, in the northwest of Spain. [238] When that year's production quota was not met, Castro offered to resign during a public speech, but assembled crowds insisted he remain. [450] The administration also relied heavily on its appeals to nationalistic sentiment, in particular the widespread hostility to the U.S. [419] During speeches Castro regularly cited reports and books he had read on a wide variety of subjects, including military matters, plant cultivation, filmmaking, and chess strategies. [311] In December, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved as Boris Yeltsin abolished the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and introducing a capitalist multiparty democracy. [45] The Ortodoxo had considerable support and was predicted to do well in the election. [105] As Cuba's press was censored, Castro contacted foreign media to spread his message; he became a celebrity after being interviewed by Herbert Matthews, a journalist from The New York Times. [97] Osorio's execution aided the rebels in gaining the trust of locals, although they largely remained unenthusiastic and suspicious of the revolutionaries. Castro’s force of 800 guerrillas had defeated the Cuban government’s 30,000-man professional army. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926, near Birán, in Cuba’s eastern Oriente Province. [456] He received his law degree from the University of Havana in 1950, and, after graduating,…. This earned Castro respect throughout the Arab world, in particular from the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, who became a friend and ally. On February 24, 2008, he gave the presidency of Cuba over to his brother, Raul. [325] In 1994 a ministry dedicated to the environment was established, and new laws established in 1997 that promoted awareness of environmental issues throughout Cuba and stressed the sustainable use of natural resources. By November, Castro's forces controlled most of Oriente and Las Villas, and divided Cuba in two by closing major roads and rail lines, severely disadvantaging Batista. He provided them with a budget of $13 million and permitted them to ally with the Mafia, who were aggrieved that Castro's government closed down their brothel and casino businesses in Cuba. [156] His regime remained popular with workers, peasants, and students, who constituted the majority of the country's population,[157] while opposition came primarily from the middle class; thousands of doctors, engineers and other professionals emigrated to Florida in the U.S., causing an economic brain drain. [390] Castro described Martí's political ideas as "a philosophy of independence and an exceptional humanistic philosophy",[392] and his supporters and apologists repeatedly claimed that there were great similarities between the two figures. [423] Most analysts saw his remarks as offering support for Raúl’s introduction of economic reforms that included a massive layoff of government employees as well as increased toleration of private enterprise. [327] Castro also became a proponent of the anti-globalization movement, criticizing U.S. global hegemony and the control exerted by multinationals. [109] The opposition called a general strike, accompanied by armed attacks from the MR-26-7. He considered Western-dominated Africa to be ripe for revolution, and sent troops and medics to aid Ahmed Ben Bella's socialist regime in Algeria during the Sand War. The group's purpose was to oppose the influence of the violent gangs within the university; despite his promises, Prío had failed to control the situation, instead offering many of their senior members jobs in government ministries. Although long thinking religious belief to be backward, Castro softened his approach to religious institutions and religious people were permitted for the first time to join the Communist Party. [235] This was exacerbated by the perception that a revolutionary elite had emerged, consisting of those connected to the administration; they had access to better housing, private transportation, servants, and the ability to purchase luxury goods abroad. [301], When Gorbachev visited Cuba in April 1989, he informed Castro that perestroika meant an end to subsidies for Cuba. [273] In 1979, the Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Havana, where Castro was selected as NAM president, a position he held until 1982. [76], In 1954, Batista's government held presidential elections, but no politician stood against him; the election was widely considered fraudulent. Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. [382] A funeral procession travelled 900 kilometres (560 mi) along the island's central highway from Havana to Santiago de Cuba, tracing in reverse, the route of the "Freedom Caravan" of January 1959, and after nine days of public mourning, his ashes were entombed in the Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Santiago de Cuba. [121] Cienfuegos and Guevara led their columns into Havana on 2 January, while Castro entered Santiago and gave a speech invoking the wars of independence. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage. [231] Recognising Cuba's economic dependence on the Soviets, Castro relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 he denounced the leaders of the Prague Spring and praised the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. [321] The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on prostitution in Cuba, fearing a political backlash. [125] Entering Havana, Castro proclaimed himself Representative of the Rebel Armed Forces of the Presidency, setting up home and office in the penthouse of the Havana Hilton Hotel. "[470] The European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said that Castro "was a hero for many. [26] The protests, accompanied by a crackdown on those considered communists, led to violent clashes between activists and police in February 1948, in which Castro was badly beaten. From 1975 to 1989, Cuban expeditionary forces fought in the Angolan civil war on the side of the communistic Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola. [162], At the time, 1960, the Cold War raged between two superpowers: the United States, a capitalist liberal democracy, and the Soviet Union (USSR), a Marxist–Leninist socialist state ruled by the Communist Party. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martí will be fulfilled sooner. I would not be stopped by the hatred and ill will of a few thousand people, including some of my relatives, half the people I know, two-thirds of my fellow professionals, and four-fifths of my ex-schoolmates. [77] Returning to Havana, Castro gave radio interviews and press conferences; the government closely monitored him, curtailing his activities. In the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro was joined by Frank Sturgis who offered to train Castro's troops in guerrilla warfare. [407], Castro was known for his busy working hours, often only going to bed at 3 or 4 am[408] He preferred to meet foreign diplomats in these early hours, believing that they would be tired and he could gain the upper hand in negotiations. Castro’s brother Raúl, minister of the armed forces, ranked second to him in all government and party posts. [181] U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter announced that Cuba was adopting the Soviet model of rule, with a one-party state, government control of trade unions, suppression of civil liberties, and the absence of freedom of speech and press. [267] Castro's critics accused the government of wasting Cuban lives in these military endeavors; the anti-Castro Center for a Free Cuba has claimed that an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in foreign Cuban military actions. Born to Ángel María Bautista Castro y Argiz (5 December 1875-21 October 1956), an immigrant from Spain (Galicia) who became a prosperous farmer, and his later wife Lina Ruz González, a … The following year, economic and social unrest led to antigovernment demonstrations, the size of which had not been seen in Cuba in some 35 years. Díaz-Balart and Castro divorced in 1955. Hundreds of boats arrived from the U.S., leading to a mass exodus of 120,000; Castro's government took advantage of the situation by loading criminals, the mentally ill, and suspected homosexuals onto the boats destined for Florida. [18] Student violence escalated after Grau employed gang leaders as police officers, and Castro soon received a death threat urging him to leave the university. [28] Castro joined the Liberal cause by stealing guns from a police station, but subsequent police investigations concluded that he had not been involved in any killings. World Leader. He recognized that the attacks would make U.S. foreign policy more aggressive, which he believed was counter-productive. He asserted that Castro "always had a keen sense of humor and could laugh at himself" but could equally be "a bad loser" who would act with "ferocious rage if he thought that he was being humiliated". [265], After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a measure Castro refused to support. In his capacity as both President of the NAM and of Cuba he appeared at the United Nations General Assembly in October 1979 and gave a speech on the disparity between the world's rich and poor. [209] Feeling betrayed by Khrushchev, Castro was furious and soon fell ill.[210] Proposing a five-point plan, Castro demanded that the U.S. end its embargo, withdraw from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, cease supporting dissidents, and stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters. He wants to increase people's standard of living, the availability of material goods, and to import the latest technology. [276] For the first time, unemployment became a serious problem in Castro's Cuba, with the government sending unemployed youth to other countries, primarily East Germany, to work there. Castro was born in southeastern Cuba. Occupation: Prime Minister of Cuba Born: August 13, 1926 in Biran, Cuba Died: November 25, 2016 in Havana, Cuba Best known for: Leading the Cuban Revolution and ruling as dictator for over 45 years Biography: Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution overthrowing Cuban President Batista in 1959. I speak on the behalf of the sick who have no medicine, of those whose rights to life and human dignity have been denied. [227] From this conference, Castro created the Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), which adopted the slogan of "The duty of a revolution is to make revolution", signifying Havana's leadership of Latin America's revolutionary movement. Fidel Castro attended Roman Catholic boarding schools in Santiago de Cuba and then the Catholic high school Belén in Havana, where he proved an outstanding athlete. [14] After becoming passionate about anti-imperialism and opposing U.S. intervention in the Caribbean,[15] he unsuccessfully campaigned for the presidency of the Federation of University Students on a platform of "honesty, decency and justice". government. We are facing a world completely ruled by neo-liberalism and capitalism. Retaliating, the U.S. cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most U.S.-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills. Castro countered the resulting economic decline and shortages of consumer goods by allowing some economic liberalization and free-market activities while retaining tight controls over the country’s political life. [431], His sister Juanita Castro has been living in the United States since the early 1960s, and was an opponent of her brother's regime. Castro was born out of wedlock at his father's farm on 13 August 1926. [444] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described Castro as a "remarkable leader" and a "larger than life leader who served his people. [451] According to Balfour, Castro's domestic popularity stemmed from the fact that he symbolised "a long-cherished hope of national liberation and social justice" for much of the population. Most Popular #5578. Together they had seven children; Fidel was one of them, and Raúl, who later became his brother’s chief associate in Cuban affairs, was another. [12] Admitting he was "politically illiterate", Castro became embroiled in student activism[13] and the violent gangsterismo culture within the university. [285], Although despising Argentina's right wing military junta, Castro supported them in the 1982 Falklands War against Britain and offered military aid to the Argentinians. Asserting Cuba's independence, Castro refused to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, declaring it a Soviet-U.S. attempt to dominate the Third World. The protests dispersed with no recorded injuries. [17], In 1947, Castro joined the Party of the Cuban People (or Orthodox Party; Partido Ortodoxo), founded by veteran politician Eduardo Chibás. [251], Cuba's economy grew in 1974 as a result of high international sugar prices and new credits with Argentina, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Updates? The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 took him by surprise and meant the end of generous Soviet subsidies to Cuba. [229] Diverting from Soviet Marxist doctrine, he suggested that Cuban society could evolve straight to pure communism rather than gradually progress through various stages of socialism. The protesters held up signs that read, "Mr. Kennedy, Cuba is Not For Sale. [387], Castro's government was also nationalistic, with Castro declaring, "We are not only Marxist-Leninists, but also nationalists and patriots". Like many orthodox Marxist critics, Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the socialist state and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from Mariel port. Biography >> Cold War. 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