Mixtures: The combination of two or more elements or compounds which are not chemically combined together and may also be present in any proportion, is called mixture. Free PDF download of Class 11 Chemistry revision notes & short key-notes for Chapter 12 - Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques to score high marks in exams, prepared by expert Chemistry teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. abbreviated as SI) was established by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM fromConferenceGenerale des Poids at Measures). Kilogram: It is the unit of mass. Therefore, gram molecular mass of oxygen = 32 g. Sum of atomic masses of the elements present in one formula unit of a compound. Significant Figures mass and they occupy space. This ratio cannot change. Volume of liquids can be measured by different devices like burette, pipette, cylinder, measuring flask etc. Therefore the molecular mass of CO2 is 44 amu. These questions cover all the important topics and are designed exclusively for students exam preparation. The  reliability of  a  measurement  is  indicated  by  the  number  of  digits  used  to Stoichiometry, thus deals with the calculation of masses (sometimes volume also) of the reactants and the products involved in a chemical reaction. (B) Chemical Classification: Reactions in Solutions-- The concentration of a solution can be expressed in any of Mixtures may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. (iii) The use of preservatives has helped to preserve food products like jam, butter, squashes etc. Homoatomic molecules are made up of the atoms of the same element and heteroatomic molecules are made (B) In Health and Sanitation: -> Kelvin’scale of temperature is S.I. existence is called an atom, while the  smallest particle of a substance which is capable of independent existence is called a molecule. = 16.043 u Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. In addition or subtraction of the numbers having different precisions, the final result should be reported to the same number of decimal places as in the term having the least number of decimal places. Moreover, the properties of a compound are altogether different from the constituting elements. In simple terms, molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass. These are stated below: Pure Substances 2. 2. The number of significant figures in this number is 2, while inAvogadro’s number (6.023 x 1023) it is four. Second: It is the duration of 9192631, 770 periods of radiation which correspond to the transition between the two hyper fine levels of the ground state of caesium- 133 atom. Molecular mass of the compound, An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound. This law was proposed by Louis Proust in 1799, which states that: Physics Chemistry रास्ते बदलो पर मंज़िल नहीं CBSE Class 11 Chemistry , CBSE Class 11 Physics CBSE Class 12 Chemistry , CBSE Class 12 Physics JEE NEET Study Material : Notes , Assignment Physics Notes , Physics Assignment , Physics Quiz , HC Verma Solution , NCERT Solution Chemistry… Read more The following experiments illustrate the truth of this law. The rapid industrialisation all over the world has resulted in lot of pollution. • Laws of Chemical Combinations Mass: Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it. (iv) Law of Gaseous Volume (Gay Lussac’s Law) Weight: It is the force exerted by gravity on an object. 1L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1dm3. Examples of homogeneous mixtures are air, seawater, gasoline, brass etc. In a mixture, or more elements or compounds are simply mixed and not combined chemically. A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined in a definite proportion by mass, which could be split by suitable chemical methods. Types of mixtures: Mixtures are of two types: ’A chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined together in the same ratio, irrespective of the method of preparation or the source from where it •  In  exponential  notations,  the  numerical  portion  represents  the  number  of significant figures. Physical Properties: Those properties which can be measured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the substance. 2. Hence, a convenient system of expressing the number in scientific notation is used. Molarity If the digit coming after the desired number of significant figures happens to be more than 5, the precedingsignificant figure is increased by one, 4.317 is rounded off to 4.32. of moles of the solute         = n It can vary It is obtained by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule. 1V     1V               2V Characteristics of Gases: Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape. 3. However, atoms of different elements are different in nature. Multiplication of Numbers: 2.2120 x 0.011 = 0.024332 The International System of Units (in French Le Systeme International d’Unites– SI unit of mass is kilogram. They all contain atoms of one type. •  Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant. In a compound, the elements are present in the fixed ratio by mass. Most of the elements exist as isotopes which are different atoms of the same element with different mass numbers and the same atomic number. Matter consists of indivisible atoms. It has greyish-yellow appearance and the two constituents, iron and sulphur, can be easily identified with naked eye. E.g. The ratio is = 1 : 2 : 1 The empirical formula of glucose = CH20 Its symbol is ‘mol’. It has the units of (length)3. The molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound. • All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.Atoms  of  the  same  element  are  identical  in  shape,  size,  mass  and  other properties. • Balanced chemical equation: A balanced equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. For example, book, pencil, water, air are composed of matter as we know that they have is used for the ionic compounds. known as fluid, They   can   diffuse e.g. This unit is quite large and a chemist often expresses density in g cm3 where mass is expressed in gram and volume is expressed in cm3. 5. For example, the formula of hydrogen peroxide is H202. The final result has two decimal places but the answer has to be reported only up to one decimal place, i.e., the answer would be 12.0. Students can find the Important Questions of Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry compiled here on this page. per mol or millilitre per mol, The mass percentage of each constituent element present in any compound is called -> Thermometres with Celsius scale are calibrated from 0°C to 100°C. Pure substances can be further classified as (i) Elements (ii) Compounds Law of Multiple Proportions Proposed by Dalton in 1803, this law states that:’ When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the differe nt masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear a simple ratio to one another’. The substances that react among themselves to bring about the chemical changes are known as reactants, whereas the substances that are produced as a result of the RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions Free PDF Download, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python), NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (C++), NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Entrepreneurship, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Computer Science (Python), NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Indian Economic Development, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sparsh, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kshitiz, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kritika, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of Information Technology, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Foundation of IT, PS Verma and VK Agarwal Biology Class 9 Solutions, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. JEE NEET Study Material : Notes , Assignment. 7. is taken’. CH is the empirical formula of benzene. NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. examples are: Common salt, marble, gypsum, washing soda etc. A 5 % (v/v) solution of ethyl alcohol contains 5 cm3 of alcohol in 100 cm3 of the solution, 3. 1. In order to express its empirical formula, we have to take out a common factor 2. • Dimensional analysis: It helps to express the measured quantities in different systems of units. Such zeros indicates the position of decimal point. 3. e.g. chemical change, are known as products, Limiting Reagent- The reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of product formed is known as limiting reagent. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Class 11 Notes Chapter 1 • Importance of Chemistry Chemistry has a direct impact on our life and has wide range of applications in different fields. Atomic mass of an element is defined as the average relative mass of an atom of an There are seven basic units of measurement for the quantities: length, mass, time, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and luminous intensity. (iii) Law of Multiple Proportions 2. Avogadro’s Number, NA = 6.022 × 1023 Candela: It may be defined as the luminous intensity in a given direction, from a source which emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/ 683 watt per steradian. Molarity of the solution = No. • Multiplication and Division of Significant Figures Mass % of the element=Mass of element in 1 molecule of the compound    x 100 For example, figures. (Given by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789). It isdenoted by the symbol M. Measurements in Molarity can change with the change in temperature because solutionsexpand or contract accordingly. 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