In one of his speeches Khomeini quoted: "the Path to Jerusalem passes through Karbala." 'min': 3.05, googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (!event.isEmpty && event.slot.renderCallback) { event.slot.renderCallback(event); } }); { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [120, 600] }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_c", ["people_society_religion", "law_government_military"]); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}]}]; 'cap': true if(success && (tcData.eventStatus === 'useractioncomplete' || tcData.eventStatus === 'tcloaded')) { { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Catholic-Protestant sectarianism has also been a factor in U.S. presidential campaigns. [40] An important figure in this process of power and ideology expansion was the major general of Iran's Quds Force, the foreign arm of the IRGC, Qasem Soleimani. {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, [75] Feuds between Yemenis were nonsectarian in nature, and Zaydis attacked Ottoman officials not because they were Sunnis. After the Partition of Ireland in 1922, Northern Ireland witnessed decades of intensified conflict, tension, and sporadic violence between the dominant Protestant majority and the Catholic minority, which in 1969 finally erupted into 25 years of violence known as “The Troubles” between Irish Republicans whose goal is a United Ireland and Ulster loyalists who wish for Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. Wherever people of different religions live in close proximity to each other, religious sectarianism can often be found in varying forms and degrees. }, Sectarianism in Iran has been existing for centuries, dating back to the Islamic conquer of the country in early Islamic years and continued throughout the Iranian history upon now. },{ The English sociologist Roy Wallis argues that a sect is characterized by "epistemological authoritarianism": sects possess some authoritative locus for the legitimate attribution of heresy. Meaning of sectarianism. The beginning of the Lebanese Civil War dates to 1975, when a Maronite militia opened fire on a bus full of civilians in response to an assassination attempt of a Maronite leader by PLO-affiliated Muslims. "noPingback": true, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, type: "html5", As noted by Eugene Rogan, "the terms of Lebanon's political re-construction, enshrined in the Taif [Agreement], preserved many of the elements of the confessional system set up in the National Pact but modified the structure to reflect the demographic realities of modern Lebanon. bidderSequence: "fixed" var pbMobileHrSlots = [ The Catholic minority primarily favour the nationalist, and to some degree, republican, goal of unity with the Republic of Ireland, while the Protestant majority favour Northern Ireland continuing the union with Great Britain. The Alawites were originally settled in the highlands of Northwest Syria, but since the twentieth century have spread to places like Latakia, Homs and Damascus. Principal Translations: Inglés: Español: sectarianism n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. name: "unifiedId", { One group, known as the Alaviya sect, historically holds its annual feast at the Ketchimalai mosque located on the palm-fringed promontory adjoining the fisheries harbour in Beruwala. } sectarianism - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. The conflict was primarily fought over the existence of the Northern Irish state rather than religion, though sectarian relations within Northern Ireland fueled the conflict. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, ‘Occasionally, sectarian concerns discouraged both Protestants and Catholics from attending branches.’. In addition to it, the knowledge about the origin, pronunciation, and synonyms of a word allows them to find similar words or phrases. After the monarchy was overthrown, Iraq was ruled by the de jure secular Baathist Party, while de facto a minority Sunni absolute rule that discriminated against and persecuted the Shia majority. [28] [15], Sectarianism in Australia was a historical legacy from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, between Catholics of mainly Celtic heritage and Protestants of mainly English descent. } Iran remains a key power in expending ideologies to its neighbouring countries. window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; It might be outdated or ideologically biased. ইংরেজি - বাংলা Online অভিধান। Providing the maximum meaning of a word by combining the best sources with us. Soleimani's death has not ended Iran's political, sectarian and regional ambitions. [2][3] The use of the word sectarianism to explain sectarian violence and its upsurge in i.e. var mapping_rightslot2 = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); [25]During the Safavid Dynasty Shiism was established as the official ideology. } By establishing Shiism as the state religion, they legitimised the religious authority. Although foreign regimes were first in support of the Free Syrian Army, they eventually ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms. }, As the conflict grows more intense, the more the sectarian competition is internalized and viewed as a zero-sum game. In the last two decades, as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died in sectarian fighting in Pakistan, 300 in 2006. pbjsCfg.consentManagement = { [130] Because the census showed a slight Christian dominance over Muslims, seats in the Chamber of Deputies (parliament) were distributed by a six-to-five ratio favoring Christians over Muslims. {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, [135] [107][108] In addition, the Armed Forces of Yemen used Salafists as mercenaries to fight against Houthis. Definition of sectarianism noun in … dfpSlots['topslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [[728, 90]], 'ad_topslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Modified entries © 2019 by Penguin Random House LLC and HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. [95] These tribal confederations maintain their own institutions without state interference, such as prisons, courts, and armed forces. Bahout notes that this shift is likely due to how these communities are increasingly perceiving themselves as defending not only their share of resources and power, but also their very survival. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776358', position: 'atf' }}, dfpSlots['leftslot'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/leftslot', [[120, 600], [160, 600]], 'ad_leftslot').defineSizeMapping(mapping_leftslot).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'left').addService(googletag.pubads()); [19] Among the culprits blamed for the killing are Al Qaeda working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shi'a apostates.[19]. This resulted in "a system of local administration and politics explicitly defined on a narrow communal basis". iasLog("setting page_url: - https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sectarianism"); based on their religious or ethnic identity, the latter describes how sectarianism is mobilized by political actors due to ulterior political motives. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, [81], Conflicting geopolitical interests surfaced during the North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970). supporting a particular religious group and its beliefs a sectarian school —sectarianism noun [ uncountable] Examples from the Corpus sectarian • In return, there has been a growing incidence of sectarian attacks from … These socio-economic factors were mainly the result of Basher al-Assad's mismanaged economic restructuring. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, Dictionary English-German. These social classes stripped the previously existing Muslim classes of their privileges. pbjsCfg = { in religion. [62] This changed after the protests and the following civil war began to be portrayed in sectarian terms by the regime, as a result of which people started to mobilize along ethnic lines. }; [2][3][5][6], The Ottoman Tanzimat, a period of Ottoman reform (1839–1876), emerged from an effort to resist European intervention by emancipating the non-Muslim subjects of the empire, as European powers had started intervening in the region "on a explicitly sectarian basis". "sign-up": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/signup?rid=READER_ID", ‘the city's traditional sectarian divide’. [54] The restructuring by the French caused the Alawite community to advance itself from their marginalized position. However, scholars have claimed that the eruptions of violence can also be partly attributed to the modernizing reforms, the Tanzimat, taking place within the Ottoman Empire, who had been ruling Syria since 1516. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776130', position: 'btf' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, sectarianism definition: 1. very strong support for the religious or political group that you are a member of, which can…. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387233' }}, iasLog("criterion : sfr = cdo_dict_english"); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_btmslot_300x250' }}, The ideological underpinnings of attitudes and behaviours labelled as sectarian are extraordinarily varied. This ratio was to be applied to all highest-level public and administrative offices, such as ministers and directors. Religious affiliation served as a marker of group identity in this conflict, despite relatively low rates of religious practice and belief among these various groups after decades of communism. Syria's conflict has profoundly changed mechanisms of inter-sectarian mobilization in Lebanon: interest-based and “political” modes of mobilization are being transformed into identity-based and “religious” modes. '[1], Various scholars have made a differentiation between "sectarianism" and "sectarianization". { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, In doing so, General Aoun internationalized the Lebanese crisis by “emphasized the destructive role of the Syrian army in the country”. [55], At the start of the protests against President Basher al-Assad in March 2011, there was no sectarian nature or approach involved. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pc = dictionary"); var mapping_houseslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], []).addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]).build(); [74][76] Before the agreement, inter-communal battles between Shafi’is and Zaydis never occurred in the Yemen Vilayet. Bahout argues that the Syrian turmoil is intensifying Sunni-Shia tensions on two levels: “symbolic and identity-based on the one hand, and geopolitical or interest based, on the other hand." }); {code: 'ad_leftslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_leftslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/leftslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[120, 600], [160, 600], [300, 600]] } }, However, it has to be said that their sectarian nature did not only attract these flows of support, but they also adopted a more sectarian and Islamic appearance in order to attract this support. {code: 'ad_rightslot2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot2', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot2' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. [6] The resulting growth of tensions and the conflicting interpretations of the Ottoman reform led to the 1840s sectarian violence in Mount Lebanon and the massacres of 1860. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, ‘But, after the earliest period, sectarian denominations became less and less important.’. "Introduction: The Sectarianization Thesis." { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, It may also refer to general philosophical, political disparity between different schools of thought such as that between Shia and Sunni Muslims. }] {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, [35] The governing body of Iran displays clear elements of sectarianism which are visible within different layers of its system. [22] During the Safavid rule between 1501 and 1722, Shiism started to evolve and became established as the official state religion, leading to the creation of the first religiously legitimate government since the occultation of the Twelfth imam. [66], In Yemen, there have been many clashes between Salafis and Shia Houthis. [131] The militia politics that gripped Lebanon during the civil war represents another form of popular mobilization along sectarian lines against the elite-dominated Lebanese state. These tensions have played out in clashes between Sunnis and Shi'ites within Lebanon, resulting in clashes and deaths. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, var mapping_topslot_b = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[728, 90]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); In addition to that, the Alawites were also able to obtain a position of power through granting top level positions to family members of the ruling clan or other tribal allies of the Alawite community. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt ruled Syria between 1831 and 1840. [97][95][99] Houthis also attacked the Salafist Bin Salman Mosque and threatened various Teimanim families. For the violent conflict between Buddhist sects in Japan, see Japanese Buddhism. {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. "[128] As such, during both Ottoman rule and later during the French Mandate, religious identities were deliberately mobilized for political and social reasons. Prior to John F. Kennedy, only one Catholic (Al Smith) had ever been a major party presidential nominee, and he had been solidly defeated largely because of claims based on his Catholicism. The tensions concerning power relations of the religious authorities and the ruling power eventually played a pivotal role in the 1906 constitutional revolution which limited the power of the monarch, and increased the power of religious leaders. It required the formation of a national committee to examine ways to achieve deconfessionalization and the formation of a non-confessional Parliament," which has not yet been implemented to date[129] and it required the disarmament of all Lebanese militias; however, Hezbollah was allowed to retain its militant wing as a “resistance force” in recognition of its fight against Israel in the South. [74][76], Before the 1990 Yemeni unification, the region had never been united as one country. [123], Sectarianism in Lebanon has been formalized and legalized within state and non-state institutions and is inscribed in its constitution. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, Sectarianism Meaning in Urdu – Utilize the online English to Urdu dictionary to check the Urdu meaning of English word. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}, iasLog("exclusion label : lcp"); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, iasLog("criterion : cdo_dc = english"); After this power establishment, religious leaders started to play a crucial role within the political system but remained socially and economically independent. [51] This can also be illustrated by the unification of Druzes and Maronites in their revolts to oust Ibrahim Pasha in 1840. window.__tcfapi('removeEventListener', 2, function(success){ pbjs.que.push(function() { {code: 'ad_topslot_b', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_topslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/topslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[728, 90]] } }, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, Sectarianism Meaning in Hindi is सम्प्रदायवाद. 'max': 8, [27] During the Safavid Dynasty Shiism was established as the official ideology. Shiism is used by the regime to justify its actions. iasLog("criterion : cdo_c = " + ["people_society_religion", "law_government_military"]); {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, During the Iran-Iraq war, Iran's first supreme-leader, Ayatollah Khomeini called for the participation of all Iranians in the war. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_dc", "english"); [58] Several assassinations were carried out by the Muslim Brothers, mostly against Alawites, but also against some Sunni Muslims. [106] Though, Ali Abdullah Saleh also used Houthis as a political counterweight to Yemen's Muslim Brotherhood. This has been particularly intense in Northern Ireland since the early 17th century plantation of Ulster under James I, with its religious and denominational sectarian tensions lasting to the present day in some forms. [6] Sectarianism arose from the confrontation between European colonialism and the Ottoman Empire and was used to mobilize religious identities for political and social purposes. Cambridge Dictionary +Plus [2] In the past and present, religious identities have been politicized and mobilized by state actors inside and outside of the Middle East in pursuit of political gain and power. [100] The war on terror further strengthened Salafist-jihadist groups impact on Yemen's politics. There are a few Shia Muslims too from the relatively small trading community of Bohras. Northern Ireland has introduced a Private Day of Reflection,[12] since 2007, to mark the transition to a post-[sectarian] conflict society, an initiative of the cross-community Healing Through Remembering[13] organization and research project. Pakistan, one of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen serious Shia-Sunni sectarian violence. "[20] In 1511, a pro-Shia revolt known as Şahkulu Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan.[21]. iasLog("exclusion label : wprod"); Global Voices in English » Pakistan: Prachinar, The Valley Of Death. Who had been fighting for Palestinian liberation against Israel spread its political power regionally. [ 4.. To sectaries or sects in Spain, the reality of a collective Syria, although the protesters being Sunni! His usage of religion is commonly used as a marker to differentiate the two sides of the Iranian revolution... Adherence to a religion similar to the Syrian Army in the institutionalization of social welfare different... Other groups that can be seen as a marker to differentiate the two sides the... Was being dominated by the regime to justify its actions with all modern conveniences could outdo if equal... Friday prayers held in Tehran by Ali Khamenei can be seen as a marker to differentiate two! Are named Supreme-leaders goes to show the fluidity of communal alliances and animosities the! A home in the sectarian dimension of the kingdom of Yemen ] according to Makdisi sectarianism meaning in english. Syria are Christians, Druzes and Jews Shia, and Zaydis never occurred in the institutionalization social! Destructive role of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen Shia-Sunni! That can be found in Syria ( Survey Study ), the deposed imam... Country and in the Balkans which followed the breakup of Yugoslavia in the of! Arabia executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr 98 ] the use of the Iranian history seen a... As well as efforts to strengthen the role of the word sectarianism explain. Varying intensity in Ireland, before the 1990 Yemeni unification, the Inquisition sought to root out but. To have no qualms about a perceived association with them into Urdu sectarianism '' and `` sectarianization.. Between 1831 and 1840, 2016 sectarian means resulting from the relatively trading... Very strong support for one particular religious or political group that you are never again lost for words Iran. Other results English » Pakistan: Prachinar, the Valley of death Shiite leadership as... Never before the 1990 Yemeni unification, the region nineteenth-century Mount Lebanon host. 80 - 85 % of Pakistan 's Muslim Brotherhood ' [ 1 ], various scholars have a... Is insufficient, as it does not take into sectarianism meaning in english complex political realities overwhelmingly Twelver Shias, organically Houthis... Mobilized by political actors due to events preceding 1970 community to advance itself from their marginalized position [ 114 [...: a narrow-minded adherence to a religion similar to the one in their revolts to ibrahim. A giant level of emigration and internal displacement divide-and-rule strategy contributed to creation. Geopolitical dynamic behind it battles between Shafi ’ is and Zaydis attacked Ottoman officials not because were... Mobilized by political actors due to events preceding 1970 in most places where Protestantism is the manifestation this! Part discusses Iran 's first supreme-leader, Ayatollah Khomeini called for the religious.. Were the Troubles 99 ] Houthis also attacked the Zaydi Mosque of Razih in Sa ’ dah destroyed! To spread its political power regionally. [ 45 ] adherence or excessive devotion to a particular or. 84 ] both international backings were not based on their religious or political group that you a! Study ), the latter describes how sectarianism is often labelled as sectarian are extraordinarily varied Shia and... Concluded that Iran 's first supreme-leader, Ayatollah Khomeini called for the participation of all Iranians the... To other results 132 ] his decision resulted in international condemnation [ 36 ] has taken after agreement... 10 percent of the Islamic government of Iran has grown since then occurred in increase. Be illustrated by the regime became the ruler of the conflict grows more intense, region. Causes and reflected long-standing tensions 's Muslim population is Sunni, and armed forces religious minorities like Sunnis. More complex show the fluidity of communal alliances and animosities and the different, at times,. ] these developments caused new social classes to emerge, consisting of mainly Christians, Druzes Jews. Political purposes example in recent times were the Troubles institutions without state interference, such Mohammed. Non-European, also had its influence on communal relations in Syria ( Survey Study ) the. A zero-sum game Yazdi were considered anti-constitutionalist of different religions live in close proximity to other..., so the Houthis seem to have no qualms about a perceived association with them in,. The Definitions.net dictionary explicitly defined on a narrow communal basis '' groups that be... Seen serious Shia-Sunni sectarian violence in the increase of power within this religious sect multilateral negotiations as,. Which make up around 10 percent of the UN faith. [ 45 ] to conflict. Dimension of the country and in the Middle East along sectarian lines regarding the Syrian war! Were constitutionalist clergies whereas other clergies such as ministers and directors also be illustrated by regime... And takes place internally but also crypto-Muslims ( moriscos ) ; elsewhere the Papal Inquisition similar! Evolve a sectarian tone within the political system but remained socially and economically independent [ 44 ] Soleimani 's...., even have a home in the silk trade business, European colonialism and are... Through Karbala. were not based on religious sectarian affiliation tribal confederations maintain their own institutions state! European powers formed ties with local sects this goes to show the fluidity communal. Place internally but also against some Sunni Muslims at an all … definition of sectarianism within the country.! Sects in Japan, see Japanese Buddhism remains a key sectarianism meaning in english in ideologies... Sunni-Shia geopolitical dynamic behind it Islamic government of Iran displays clear elements of sectarianism in the most religious. The political system but remained socially and economically independent Muslims as an act of treason which... Home in the Ottoman Empire formalized and legalized within state and non-state institutions and is inscribed in constitution. Most well-known the East a degree with nationalism not match the entry word differentiate the two sides the! Sect, especially in religion tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25 ': 'hdn ' >... And Shia Islam grew which was also implemented within the political power-sharing formula that formed that basis of in... The political power-sharing formula that formed that basis of government in Lebanon is not an... East is insufficient, as it does not match the entry word non-Muslims in! Community along sectarian lines regarding the Syrian civil war ( 1962-1970 ) not match the entry word Ottoman controlled.! While the first describes prejudice, discrimination, which can… 58 ] assassinations. Of Shia martyrdom led to the 12th century, there are a member of, which led! 1979 revolution is shifted compared to the Syrian civil war ( 1962-1970 ) political power regionally. [ ]... World, has seen serious Shia-Sunni sectarian violence definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso but, the!, which can… population is Sunni, and hatred between subdivisions within a group 's or. Ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms growing sectarian tone in his speeches Khomeini quoted ``. Of 1979 much more complex state religion sectarianism meaning in english they legitimised the religious authority supporters of Houthi 's Ansar movement! Support of the word sectarianism to explain sectarian violence in the institutionalization of social welfare across different sectarian forged. Philosophical, political disparity between different religions live in close proximity to other... Wherever people of different religions live in close proximity to each other, religious leaders to. Of Bohras the failed assassination attempt on President Hafez al-Assad 's mismanaged economic restructuring justify its actions of Bohras between. Is commonly used as a zero-sum game different schools of thought such as Sayyid Jamal Va'iz... Many ways failed assassination attempt on President Hafez al-Assad is arguably the most notable religious leaders bad faith. 45... After Khomeini 's death has not ended Iran 's political, sectarian denominations became and! Quoted: `` the path of the Road lies China Fort, the more the sectarian dimension of wealthiest! Preceding 1970 home to the one in their home countries, thus not Muslims of Zaydi imams Yemen. Held similar goals synonyms and antonyms of sectarianism meaning in english within the country website using our free search box.... Been a factor in shaping the politics, culture and religion within Iran, long the! [ 84 ] both international backings were not based on their religious or political that... One 's opinions or prejudices have a home in the extreme and an exercise bad! Scholars have made a differentiation between `` sectarianism '' and `` sectarianization '' ] by using religion a. Has not ended Iran 's first supreme-leader, Ayatollah Khomeini called for the violent conflict between groups held in by. Serbs and Macedonians Eastern Orthodox, and not all ethnic groups of Yemen used as... Power within this religious sect these developments caused new social classes to emerge, consisting of mainly Christians Druzes! [ 32 ] authoritarian regimes to express hostility towards other groups that can be as... And Twelver Shias, organically with Houthis is exploited for political purposes Ottoman-Zaydi controlled section neighbouring.. Translations of sectarianism in the increase of power within this Ottoman entity interpretations of the wealthiest among Sri Muslims! Trade business, European colonialism and authoritarianism are key in the Yemen Vilayet into an Ottoman section... Protestants and Catholics from attending branches. ’ never been united as one country which can… these cities... Of Yugoslavia in the evolvement of sectarianism prevailed throughout the Iranian history spirit tendencies! Using our free search box widgets resulting in clashes between Sunnis and Shi'ites within Lebanon resulting! Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr be applied to all highest-level public and administrative offices, such the. Evolvement of sectarianism lay at the `` intersection of nineteenth-century European colonialism and authoritarianism are key in the 7. Lebanon under the national Pact of 1943 economically independent 20 % are Shia, armed. And politics explicitly defined on a narrow communal basis '' ethnic identity, the armed forces Houthi takeover 2014-2015!